Development of Basic Education Literacy Profile of Children Who Are Not Going to School in District Rawalpindi, Pakistan



Abstract Views
582

Downloads
246

Citations

Share

##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.sidebar##

Submitted Jun 15, 2021
Published Jul 7, 2021
10.24018/ejedu.2021.2.3.128

Abstract viewed = 582 times

Table of Contents

##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.main##

Education is the basic tool to eradicating poverty. Almost half of the population of Pakistan is illiterate and many children who are school aged are not attending the school. Rural areas of Pakistan are considered educationally deprived areas, where particularly girls are not sent to school. Pakistan expends around 2% of GDP on education that shows the low priority is given to education that is lowest among all developing countries. Even these insufficient resources are not utilized proficiently, due to it the learning standard and learning outcome of the students are below average. The study aimed to find out the causes of educational deprivation among out of school children. This study and data show that about Pakistan’s school going population and importance about those children who are not going to school. Quantitative research method was used as methodology. The intended study was descriptive survey in nature. School Heads of Primary and Middle Schools of three tehsils (Rawalpindi, Kahuta, and Murree) were the population of the study and 345 were sampled through multistage sampling technique. Questionnaire used as tool for data collection. The quantitative data analysed through central tendency and standard deviation. The beneficiaries of the study were the students, parents. Educational planners and policy makers, school heads and society. The overall study indicated poor academic performance at early stages of schooling, poverty, teachers’ personality, and training, child labour and school management.

Keywords: Deprivation Poverty Children not going to school

References

  1. Hussain, A. (1988). Strategic issues in Pakistan's economic policy. Progressive Publishers.
     Google Scholar
  2. ASER. 2013. Annual status of education report: ASER-Pakistan 2012. Lahore, Pakistan.
     Google Scholar
  3. Becker, G. S. (2009). Human capital: A theoretical and empirical analysis, with special reference to education. University of Chicago press.
     Google Scholar
  4. Boyle, S., Brock, A., Mace, J., & Sibbons, M. (2002). Reaching the Poor: The'costs' of sending children to school: a six country comparative study, synthesis report (No. 666-2016-45490).
     Google Scholar
  5. Cigno, A., Rosati, F. C., & Guarcello, L. (2002). Does globalization increase child labor?. World Development, 30(9), 1579-1589.
     Google Scholar
  6. DeSocio, J., VanCura, M., Nelson, L. A., Hewitt, G., Kitzman, H., & Cole, R. (2007). Engaging truant adolescents: Results from a multifaceted intervention pilot. Preventing School Failure: Alternative Education for Children and Youth, 51(3), 3-9.
     Google Scholar
  7. Rose, P. M., & Dyer, C. (2008). Chronic poverty and education: a review of literature. Chronic Poverty Research Centre Working Paper, (131).
     Google Scholar
  8. Filmer, D. (2005). Gender and wealth disparities in schooling: Evidence from 44 countries. International Journal of Educational Research, 43(6), 351-369.
     Google Scholar
  9. Finn, J.D. 1993. School Engagement & Students at Risk. Washington, DC: National Center for Education Statistics.
     Google Scholar
  10. Govinda, R. 2002. India Education Report, New Delhi. Oxford University Press.
     Google Scholar
  11. Harper, C., Marcus, R., & Moore, K. (2003). Enduring poverty and the conditions of childhood: lifecourse and intergenerational poverty transmissions. World development, 31(3), 535-554.
     Google Scholar
  12. Heubert, J. P., & Hauser, R. M. (1999). High stakes: Testing for tracking, promotion and retention. Washington, DC: National Academies Press. Retrieved January, 17, 2003.
     Google Scholar
  13. Jimenez, E. (1995). Human and physical infrastructure: Public investment and pricing policies in developing countries. Handbook of development economics, 3, 2773-2843.
     Google Scholar
  14. Lipton, M., & Ravallion, M. (1995). Poverty and policy. Handbook of development economics, 3, 2551-2657.
     Google Scholar
  15. Lloyd, C., Mete, C., & Grant, M. (2007). 4 Rural girls in Pakistan: Constraints of policy and culture.
     Google Scholar
  16. Michaelowa, K. (2001). Primary education quality in francophone Sub-Saharan Africa: Determinants of learning achievement and efficiency considerations. World Development, 29(10), 1699-1716.
     Google Scholar
  17. Nasir, Z. M., & Nazli, H. (2010). Education and earnings in Pakistan. Working Papers & Research Reports, RR-No.
     Google Scholar
  18. Pakistan Bureau of Statistics. 2010. Pakistan social and living standards measurement survey 2010–11. Islamabad, Pakistan.
     Google Scholar
  19. Pandy, A. P. 2002. Gender Disparity in Education-Needs Community Participation. Paper presented at the 25th Annual Conference of the Indian Association for the Study of Population Sciences, Mumbai India.
     Google Scholar
  20. Preece, J. (2006). Widening participation for social justice: poverty and access to education. In widening access to education as social justice (pp. 113-126). Springer, Dordrecht.
     Google Scholar
  21. Reid, K. 1999. Truancy and schools. New York: Routledge.
     Google Scholar
  22. Rena, R. 2005. Gender Inequality in Education-An Eritrean Perspective. The Global Child General, 2, 43-45.
     Google Scholar
  23. Rumberger, R. W. (1995). Dropping out of middle school: A multilevel analysis of students and schools. American educational Research journal, 32(3), 583-625.
     Google Scholar
  24. Subranhmanin, R. 2006. Main Streaming Gender for Better Girl’s Education: Policy and Institutional Issues. Available at: www.ungei.org/resources/files/unicef issue4 mainstreaming gender.pdf.
     Google Scholar
  25. UN Millennium Project. 2005. Towards universal primary education: investments, incentives and institutions, London: Earth scan.
     Google Scholar
  26. Watkins, K. 2000. Oxfam Education Report, Oxford. Oxford University Press.
     Google Scholar
  27. Weiner, M., & Noman, O. (1995). The child and the state in India and Pakistan.
     Google Scholar
  28. World Bank. 2001. Poverty in Pakistan in the 1990s: An interim assessment report. Pakistan Human Development Forum, Islamabad.
     Google Scholar
  29. Zarif, T., & Aziz-un-Nisa, A. A. (2013). Understanding reasons of child labour in a developing economy: A qualitative study of Karachi, Pakistan. Asian Journal of Social Sciences & Humanities, 2(2), 388-393.
     Google Scholar
  30. Boyle, S., Brock, A., Mace, J., & Sibbons, M. (2002). Reaching the Poor: The'costs' of sending children to school: a six country comparative study, synthesis report (No. 666-2016-45490).
     Google Scholar
  31. Gul, R., & Arshad, A. (2013). Causes of Dropout Rate in Government High Schools (Male). American international journal of research in humanities, arts and social sciences, 3(1), 120-125.
     Google Scholar
  32. Imtiaz. S. 2014. Factors of drop out at primary schools level: case studies from the Islamic Republic of Pakistan. University of Nordland.
     Google Scholar
  33. Hussain, A. H., Khattak, N. U. R. K., Khan, A. Q. K., Bangash, S. B., & Nazir, N. N. (2010). An Assessment of the Causes of Drop outs in Primary Schools of Mountainous Areas of District Swat.
     Google Scholar
  34. Zarif, T., & Aziz-un-Nisa, A. A. (2013). Understanding reasons of child labour in a developing economy: A qualitative study of Karachi, Pakistan. Asian Journal of Social Sciences & Humanities, 2(2), 388-393.
     Google Scholar
  35. Ali, K., & Hamid, A. (1999). Major determinants of female child labour in urban Multan (Punjab-Pakistan).
     Google Scholar
  36. Khan, G. A., Azhar, M., & Shah, S. A. (2011). Causes of primary school dropout among rural girls in Pakistan.
     Google Scholar